Here are a few basics about the swine flu outbreak in the U.S. and Mexico.

What is swine flu?

It's flu that occurs in pigs. In rare cases, humans contract swine flu from close contact with pigs. The strain circulating now is cause for concern because it can pass directly from person to person. Like routine human flu, cases of swine flu can range from mild to severe.

Is the disease the same in Mexico and the U.S.?

The virus appears to be the same. But the disease has caused at least 20 deaths in Mexico, while it has appeared more mild in the 20 confirmed U.S. cases, with no deaths and most patients recovering without needing to be hospitalized. It's unclear why confirmed cases have been more severe in Mexico than in the U.S. A CDC official warned on Sunday that as cases continue to emerge in the U.S., some may prove fatal.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms are similar to those of regular flu: fever, along with problems such as cough, sore throat, body aches, headaches, chills and fatigue. Some cases have also included reports of vomiting or diarrhea.

What should I do if I feel sick?

People with ordinary flu symptoms do not need to seek emergency care, New York City officials said. But people with certain warning signs in addition to basic symptoms should seek urgent attention. In children, those signs include difficulty breathing; bluish skin color; flu symptoms that begin to improve, then return with fever and worse cough; and fever with a rash. In adults, warning signs include difficulty breathing, pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen, sudden dizziness, confusion, and severe or persistent vomiting.

Can the swine flu be treated with drugs?

Two drugs, sold under the brand names Tamiflu and Relenza, are believed to reduce the severity and the duration of the disease. But most of the patients who contracted swine flu in the U.S. have recovered without taking the drugs. Both drugs have also been approved to reduce the risk of contracting the flu. But, unlike a vaccine, they do not provide long-lasting protection. So their preventive use is typically for short-term situations, such as for family members of someone who has the flu. The drugs, which are included in the federal government's pandemic stockpile, are only available with a doctor's prescription.

Does this year's flu vaccine protect against the swine flu?

The CDC says the seasonal flu vaccine is 'unlikely to provide protection' against the swine flu. The agency has created a 'seed vaccine' specifically tailored to this swine flu. That could be used to manufacture a targeted vaccine if officials deem it necessary to do so. But manufacturing a new vaccine would take months.

Are there ways to reduce the spread of disease?

Cover your nose and mouth when you cough or sneeze. Wash your hands often. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Avoid close contact with infected people. People who have mild symptoms should stay home from school or work until 48 hours after the symptoms have passed, to avoid spreading disease, New York health officials said. 

以下是有關(guān)在美國(guó)和墨西哥爆發(fā)的豬流感的一些基本知識(shí)。

何謂豬流感？

這是豬身上爆發(fā)的流感。在很少一些案例中，人類因與豬密切接觸而感染豬流感。目前流行的病毒毒株之所以令人擔(dān)憂，就是它能在人與人之間直接傳染。同普通的人流感一樣，豬流感病情也有從輕微到嚴(yán)重之分。

墨西哥與美國(guó)爆發(fā)的同一種豬流感嗎？

致病的病毒看來(lái)是相同的。但墨西哥的豬流感已導(dǎo)致至少20人死亡，而美國(guó)已確診的20例豬流感則要輕微的多，其中并沒(méi)有死亡病例，大多數(shù)患者都在康復(fù)之中，無(wú)需住院治療。目前還不清楚為何墨西哥確診的病例要比美國(guó)嚴(yán)重的多。美國(guó)疾病控制預(yù)防中心(CDC)一位官員周日警告說(shuō)，隨著美國(guó)繼續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)豬流感病例，其中一些可能會(huì)有生命危險(xiǎn)。

豬流感有何癥狀？

癥狀同普通流感相似：發(fā)熱，并伴有咳嗽、咽喉痛、肌肉痛、頭痛，發(fā)冷和疲勞。還有一些病例會(huì)有嘔吐或腹瀉的情況。

如果我感覺(jué)患病，應(yīng)該怎么做？

紐約市官員說(shuō)，出現(xiàn)普通流感癥狀的患者不需看急診。但除了基本癥狀外，還出現(xiàn)一些危險(xiǎn)癥狀的患者應(yīng)該看急診。對(duì)兒童來(lái)說(shuō)，這些癥狀包括呼吸困難；皮膚顏色變青；流感癥狀開(kāi)始改善，然后又出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱和咳嗽加劇；以及伴有皮疹的發(fā)熱等。對(duì)成人而言，危險(xiǎn)的癥狀包括呼吸困難、胸腹部疼痛或有壓迫感、突然的頭暈或神志不清、以及嚴(yán)重或持續(xù)的嘔吐。

能用藥物治療豬流感嗎？

據(jù)信達(dá)菲(Tamiflu)和瑞樂(lè)沙(Relenza)這兩種藥物能夠降低豬流感的病情和發(fā)病時(shí)間。但在美國(guó)，感染豬流感的大多數(shù)患者在沒(méi)有服藥的情況下病情也出現(xiàn)了好轉(zhuǎn)。這兩種藥物也獲批可以用來(lái)降低感染流感的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但與疫苗不同，它們并不能帶來(lái)長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)的保護(hù)作用。因此，它們一般只具有短期的預(yù)防作用，如在某位家庭成員感染流感的情況下。這兩種藥物都在美國(guó)政府的疫情儲(chǔ)備藥物當(dāng)中，且只能憑醫(yī)生處方購(gòu)買(mǎi)。

今年的流感疫苗能預(yù)防豬流感嗎？

美國(guó)疾病控制預(yù)防中心說(shuō)，季節(jié)性的流感疫苗不太可能預(yù)防豬流感。該機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)了專門(mén)針對(duì)豬流感的“種子疫苗”。如果政府部門(mén)認(rèn)為有必要，這種疫苗可用于生產(chǎn)有針對(duì)性的疫苗。但生產(chǎn)一種新疫苗可能需要數(shù)月時(shí)間。

有沒(méi)有減少豬流感擴(kuò)散的辦法？

紐約市衛(wèi)生官員說(shuō)，在咳嗽或打噴嚏時(shí)遮住你的鼻子和口。經(jīng)常洗手。避免接觸你的眼睛、鼻子和嘴。不要與受感染者密切接觸。出現(xiàn)輕微癥狀的人在癥狀消失48小時(shí)之內(nèi)應(yīng)呆在家中，不要上學(xué)或上班，以避免傳染疾病。