acquire 習得
active L vocabulary 積極外語詞匯
bilingual 雙語的
classification 分類
communicative ability 交際能力
communicative function 交際功能
a communication-oriented activity 以交際為中心的活動
comparison and contrast 比較和對照
cross lingual technique 跨語言（教學）法
equivalent expression 相對應的表達
FLT(foreign language teaching) 外語教學
free interpretation 自由口譯
functional equivalent 功能對應的表達
grammar formula 語法公式
initial 首字母縮寫詞
L proficiency 外語水平
language proficiency 語言水平
plural noun 復數名詞
privacy 隱私
reference system 參照系統
similarities and differences 異同點
style 風格
taboo 禁忌
target culture 目標語文化
teaching/learning technique 教/學方法
third person singular 單數第三人稱
word list 單詞表
Conversion drill 轉換練習
Decode 解碼
Demonstration：示范
Encode 編碼
Information gap 信息溝
Inhibition 約束，抑制
Interaction 交互作用，互動
Mechanical drills 機械操練
Motivation 動力
Nonverbal 非言語的
Pantomime 啞劇，用手勢表達
Participation 參與
Receptive 接受性的
Scenario 劇本
Stimulate 激發
Stimulus 刺激，促進因素
Substitution drills 替換練習
Target language 目標語，指要學習的語言
Unpredictability 不可預見性
Cluster Sampling 整群抽樣
Cohort Design 類似群體設計
Control Variable 控制變量
Criterion Group Design 標準組設計
Dependent Variable 依變量
Expectancy Effect 期望效應
Experimental Mortality 實驗死亡率
External Change 外部變化
External Validity 外部效度
History 歷史
Independent Variable 自變量
Instability 不穩定性
Instrumentation 手段
Interaction of Several Factors 因素的交互組合
Internal Change 內部變化
Internal Validity 內部效度
Interrupted Time Series Design 間斷時間次序設計
Maturation 成熟
Moderator Variable 調節變量
Non-Designs 前實驗設計
Nonequivalent Dependent Variables Design 非等值依變量設計
Observational Techniques 觀察技巧
one-group posttest-only design 一組實驗后測試設計
one-group pretest-posttest design 一組實驗前后測試設計
Operational Definition 操作定義
Outcome Variable 結果變量
posttest-only control group design 只有實驗后測試的控制組設計
Prestest-posttest control group design 實驗前后測試的控制組設計
Pretesting 前測試
Quasi-Experimental Designs 準實驗設計
Questionnaire 問卷調查
Quota Sampling 定額抽樣
Random Sampling 隨機抽樣
Repeated Treatment Design 反復處理設計
Research Hypothesis 研究假設
Selection 選擇
Statistical Regression 統計回歸
Systematic Sampling 系統抽樣
True Experiment 真正的實驗
Untreated Control Group Design with Pretest and Posttest
language learning objective 語言學習目標
curriculum 課程目標
action and interaction 作用和相互作用
examination prescription 考試指南
philisophy of teaching 教學觀念
practicality 實用性
pragmaticality 實效性
motivational drive 動力驅動
reality 現實性
learning strategy 學習策略
terminal objective 結果目標
enabling objective 過程目標
evaluation 評價
formative assessment 形成性測試
assignment 作業布置
language acquisition 語言習得
individual difference 個體差異
auditory 聽覺
scientificity 科學性
variety多樣性
flexibility 靈活性
creativity 創造性
learner-centered 學生中心
awareness of syllabus 大綱意識
contextualized setting 語境
affirmative answer 肯定回答
allocation of roles 角色分配
assessment 評估
assessor 評估者
bilabial 雙唇音
brainstorm 集思廣益/大腦風暴
Chinese Pinyin 漢語拼音
closed pairs 練習式結對活動
designing 設計
communicative ability 交際能力
communicative function 交際功能
content feedback 內容反饋
consonant clusters 輔音連綴
compulsory course 必修課
classroom teaching 課堂教學
demonstration 示范，演示
demonstrator 示范者，演示者
diphthong 雙元音
elicitation 誘導，引出
evaluation 評價
exponents 范例
feedback 反饋
form feedback 形式反饋
falling tone 降調
fluency practice 流利度訓練
group work 小組活動
information gap 信息溝
instructor 指導者
intensive reading 精讀
interactional language 交際性語言
intonation 語調
indoor activities 室內活動
jazz chants 爵士樂
jigsaw games 拼圖游戲
language units 語言單位
language input 語言輸入
language proficiency 語言熟練度
manners of articulation 發音方法
mime 模擬, 模仿
monitor 監督者，監督者
nasals 鼻音
noughts and crosses 拼字游戲
open pairs 演示性接對活動
organizer 組織者
outdoor activities 室外活動
pair work 結對活動
participation 參與
places of articulation 發音部位
practice stage 實踐階段
procedure 步驟
prompts 提示性語言
pronunciation practice 語音練習
quiz 知識小測驗
remedial measures 補救性措施
rhyme 韻律
rhythm 節奏
rising tone 聲調
received pronunciation 標準語音
role plays 角色扮演
safety coefficient 安全系數
scan 略讀
skim 快讀
supplementary form 補充形式
supervisor 督促者
stress 重音
structure practice 結構練習
teaching syllabus for full-time secondary schools 全日制中學教學大綱
tongue twisters 繞口念
vocal organs 發音器官
vocabulary practice 詞匯練習
alphabet chart 字母表
authentic printed material 原文材料
flip chart 瀏覽圖表
grammar chart 語法圖表
JEFC 初中英語
model 模型
object visual 實物教具
phonetic chart 語音圖表
picture flash card 圖畫卡片
questionnaire 問卷
sentence building card 組句卡
sentence building grid 組句表格
speech organ 發音器官
syllable wheel 音節風車
teaching aids 教具
visuals 可視教具
wall picture 墻畫
wall poster 墻貼
word building card 組詞卡
word flash card 單詞卡片
word map 聯想圖表
word slide 單詞滑梯
work card 練習卡
work sheet 分發材料
blackboard arrangement 黑板布局
board writing 板書
dynamic person 動態人物畫
full cursive 草體
inanimate object 靜物
main board writing 主板書
minor board writing 副板書
printing style 印刷體
simple blackboard drawing 黑板簡筆畫
simple cursive 簡單草體；行體
simple picture 簡筆畫
static image 靜物畫
stick figure 簡筆人物畫
writing style 書體，字體
web 網狀圖形
active listening積極聆聽
agenda議程
attention span注意力
automatic reaction機械反應
classroom interaction課堂互動
classroom routine課堂常規
communicating style傳播風格
communication model交際模式
consultant咨詢者
cyclical (sequence)循環次序
facilitator協助者
follow-up跟蹤練習
group work activities小組活動
half dialogue補全對話
information gap信息溝
instructor指導者
linear sequence線性次序
loss of control（課堂）失控
motivation動機
questioner提問者
remedial teaching糾錯教學
rhetorical devices修辭手法
pair work activities結對活動
personalizing個體化
prompts提示
repetition dialogue重復對話
substitution dialogue替換
sequencing次序安排
supervising監督，管理
the need to communicate交際需求
transmission model傳授模式
whole class work activities全班活動
allophonic : 音位變體的，語音變體的。
articulation: 發音動作，發音。
consonant clusters 輔音
content words 實詞
contraction: 縮略形式。
discrimination: 辨別。
form words 虛詞
homophones: 同音異形詞
inflection: 變音；轉調；語音的抑揚變化。
jingle: 疊韻的詩句。
lateral consonant 邊輔音
linking of souds 音的連讀
mimicry 模仿
minimal pair: 最小對立體。
nasals 鼻音
ongoing 持續的
oral cavity 口腔
phoneme：音位（語音的最小單位）；音素。
prosodic feature: 韻律特征。
remedial teaching (此處為)糾音教學法
rhythm: 節奏。
segment: 單位；切分成分。
segmental phoneme：切分音位。
sight words: 同形異音詞
soft palate 軟腭
super segmental phoneme: 超切分音位
utterance: 發聲，表達，話語（指兩個停頓或可能的停頓之間的一串言語，通常在話語的末尾用上升或下降的終端連音表示）。
vibration 振動 共鳴
willy-nilly:不管愿不愿意。
anticipate 預測
brainstorm 集思廣益
chunk 片語
coherent unity 前后一致的整體
command 命令句
competence 能力
compile 收集
comprehensive recognition 理解性認知
conjunction 連接詞
context 語境，上下文
coordinator 協調連詞
Creative writing 創造寫作
cursive 手寫體
diagram 圖表，圖集，文圖
diction 語言風格
exclamation 感嘆句
feedback 反饋
framework 框架
gap filling 填空
genre 風格，體裁
highlight 標明
incorporate 包括，納入
information explosion 信息爆炸
interaction 交流，合作
interior relation 內在的聯系
Jigsaw writing 割畫寫作
linker 連接詞
Matching words 詞組填空
morphology 形態
muddled 亂序的
OHP overhead projector 投影儀
Pattern drills 句型練習
Picture writing 看圖寫話
pie chart 餅型圖表
proofread 審讀
punctuation 標點
readership 讀者
Rearranging scrambled sentences 亂句重組
reference注解
resulting text 完成稿
revise 校訂
rhetorical purposes 修辭目的
semantic 語義的
Sentence chains 句子連接
sentence combining 句子組合
sentence completion 完成句子
Sentence judging and making 判斷句子和造句
Sentence linking 連句成段
sequencer 順序詞
statement 陳述句
structurally complete 結構完整
substantial guidance 大量的指導
syntax 句法
transcend 超越
transformation 轉換
transition 過渡連接
treasure hunt 尋寶
comprehensible input 有意義輸入
cue 提示詞
chain drill 鏈式操練
deductive method 演繹法
function 功能
inductive method 歸納法
morpheme 詞素
multi- slot substitution 多成分替換
morphology 詞法
syntax 句法
the Grammar Translation Method 語法翻譯法
transformation drill 轉換練習
single-slot substitution 單一成分替換
backgroud knowledge 背景知識
bottom-up processing 自下而上認識法
communicative competence交際能力
decode解碼
encode編碼
information input/output信息輸入/輸出
interactional purpose 互動目的
lead-in導入
linguistic competence語言能力
phatic寒暄
top-down processing自上而下認識法
transactional purpose 信息傳遞目的
code 語碼
a system of words, letters, numbers, etc.
decode 解碼
to discover the meaning of a code
encoding 編碼
putting … into a code
decoding 解碼
discovering the meaning of a code
Skimming 掠讀
Skimming means reading quickly to get the gist, i.ethe main idea of the text
It is the method in which the reader reads only the first sentence of each paragraph of a whole passage and then recalls everything and identifies the most important pointsAfter that he/she sets a goal for the assignment and plans how to do intensive reading of the entire document at a slower pace
Scanning 略讀
Scanning means to read and locate specific information such as figures, schedules, tables, news heading, etcThe key point in scanning is that students have something in their mind and they should ignore the irrelevant parts when reading
Top-down approach 自上而下模式
It is a model of teaching reading in which the teacher teaches the background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page.
Bottom-up approach 自下而上模式
It is a reading model that follows a linear process from the recognition of letters, to words, to phrases, to sentences, to paragraphs, and then to the meaning of the whole text
Distinguishing 辯識
finding the main idea from supporting details
Predicting 預測
guessing what is coming next
SQR Strategy SQR閱讀策略
SQR is a five-step procedure made up of Surveying, Questioning, Reading, Reciting, and Reviewing, which can be used for reading a variety of reading materials, including textbooks and journal articles, as long as the structure or organization of the material is not too complex.
The first step is to survey the material for content and organization to create a mental map of the text and selective reading;
The second step is to predict questions that may be answered by the material on the basis of the survey to serve as an individualized knowledge framework or template of the passage to which details may be added later;
The third step is to read the assignment one section at a time for content, search for relationships among the main ideas and their supporting details, look for information that answers the predicted questions, and take note of unexpected ideas;
The fourth step is to recite to actively make mental connections among main ideas and details;
Finally, review the entire chapter or article to see how the information fits together.
PQR Strategy PQR閱讀策略
PQR Strategy is a six-step process that involves previewing, questioning, reading, reflecting, reciting, and reviewing
The first stage is to preview the material for content and organization to create a mental map of the text and selective reading;
The second step is to predict questions that may be answered by the material;
The third stage is to carefully read the complete text, unlike SQR to read section by section, recording notes in the margin or underlining important information that answers the predicted questionsIn this stage, reflection phase, information from the entire chapter or article is linked togetherThe reader should attempt to develop insight into the topic and make associations among the important material noted while reading
The fourth stage, recitation, involves summarizing the main points and supporting details of the complete text
In the final stage, review, make sure the predicted questions have been answered and that the author´s purpose is fully understood
RAP Strategy RAP閱讀策略
The RAP strategy is a three-step approach involves reading, asking questions, and paraphrasing, which targets the reader´s ability to understand main ideas and supporting details by emphasizing paraphrasing skills
Read one paragraph of the text at a time;
Ask oneself what the main idea of the paragraph is, then;
Paraphrase the identified details supporting the main idea finally and record them.
REAP Strategy REAP閱讀策略
The REAP Strategy is a four-step strategy that involves reading, encoding, annotating, and pondering, armed with ten varieties of annotations, each focusing on different aspects of a text, that help to improve student writing skills, meta-cognitive awareness, and comprehension of main ideas
The first step of the strategy is to read the text.
After reading the text, the information is paraphrased (encoded) by the student into his/her own words in the second step
Annotation of a text that explains and/or critique the text is made in the third stepDifferent aspects of the text are handled differently when writing annotationsAll together there´re ten annotations, namely, Summary Annotation; Thesis Annotation; Question Annotation; Critical Annotation; Heuristic Annotation; Intention Annotation; Motivation Annotation; Probe Annotation; Personal View Annotation; Inventive Annotation.
In the fourth step the student evaluates (ponder) the annotation for accuracy and completenessThe teacher should consider how the text relates to other readings, to course objectives, and to classroom activities.
SNIPS Strategy SNIPS閱讀策略
The SNIPS Strategy is a five-step reading approach for facilitating on-line processing through interpretation of visual aidsThe steps are: to Start with questions, to Note what can be learned from hints, to Identify what is important, to Plug the important matters into the chapter, and See if you can explain the visual to someone
The first step is to start with questions like "Why am I looking at this visual aid?" The reader then asks questions to determine what kinds of information on which to focus, depending on the type of visual aid presented
In the second step, note what can be learned from hints, look for hints or clues about the meaning of the visual aid in the title, caption, lines, numbers, or colorsAnd activate prior knowledge as it relates to the subject
Identify the main idea of the graphic in the third step.
Plug the important matter into the chapter in the fourth stepConsider how the visual aid relates to the main ideas of the chapter or article
In the last step, see if you can explain the visual to another person or just explain it aloud to yourself if no one is available.
PRSR Strategy PRSR閱讀策略
PRSR stands for preview, read, self-test, and reviewText organization, paraphrasing, and self-evaluation are stressed in PRSR strategy.
In previewing stage, read the title, introduction, the headings and subheadings to determine the main ideas covered in the textExamine the illustrations for additional informationLook at the words in italics or bold printRead the summary and then skim any review questions or discussion questions at the end of the chapter
In reading stage, form the headings into questions and then read with the goal of answering those questionsIdentify important points by underlining or taking notesClarify meanings further with visual imagery
In Self-testing step, monitor understanding by answering self-made questions as well as review and discussion questions at the end of the chapter without referring to the textUse summaries to organize important informationTry explaining key ideas and concepts to another person
For reviewing check answers to review questions against the textReconsider information that was forgotten or misunderstoodRepeat the self-test and review stages until the material is masteredThen review periodically to keep the information in long-term memory
PROR Strategy PROR閱讀策略
The PROR Strategy involves pre-reading, reading, organizing and reviewing
In pre-reading stage, use the title, headings, introduction, and summary to form questions to guide readingRecall prior knowledge related to the subject to form more questions
In the second stage, read with the goal of answering the questionsAnnotate key concepts, supporting details, and examplesConsider how illustrations relate to the text
In organizing stage, develop rehearsal strategies to organize the important information and commit it to memoryAnswer the questions aloudCompare the text to lecture material
Last, reduce the information to the bare essentialsTarget the information that was unclearTalk through the material to yourself or another student
PARTS Strategy PARTS閱讀策略
The PARTS strategy is a five-step procedure that guides students in carefully reading an assignment in order to enhance learningThe five steps are: to perform goal setting, to analyze little parts, to review big parts, to think of questions you hope will be answered, and last, to state relationships
For the perform goal setting stage, consider the reason you are analyzing the text parts.
In analyzing little parts stage, divide the text into parts, such as title, headings, visuals, and wordsAnalyze one part at a timeExplain the information included in each partThen, based on one part, predict what the next part will discussAfter reading all parts, tie them together.
During the review big parts stage, review the introduction and summary of the textSearch for signal words, such as "the most important" or "the purpose is," that indicates the main ideasDecide what the author´s main goal or purpose isRelate the new information to knowledge you have already read about the subjectParaphrase the main ideas into your own words
In the think of questions you hope will be answered stage, identify your own questions based on titles and headings, previous knowledge, and predictionsCheck the questions at the end of the text
For the last stage, state relationships, consider how the text relates to other texts in the unitConsider how the text relates to the course objectives indicated on the syllabusConsider how the text relates to what you already know about the subject
DISSECT Strategy DISSECT閱讀策略
DISSECT stands for discover the word´s context, isolate the prefix, separate the suffix, say the stem or root word, examine the stem or root word, check with someone, and try the dictionaryIt is a word identification strategy
It emphasizes the systematic analysis of a word using context and word element clues
CSSD Strategy CSSD閱讀策略
The CSSD strategy is a four-step procedure combining a number of approaches for learning vocabulary words and meaningsSCCD stands for context, structure, sound and dictionary
The first step is to consider the context of the word
The second step is to Break the word into smaller parts and look for familiar prefixes, root words, and suffixes
The third step is to analyze the word phonetically by breaking it into units of sound.
If these methods do not work, consult the dictionary in the last step
VOCAB game 詞匯游戲
The vocab game is for students to determine the meanings of out-of-context words through an understanding of morphemes, word parts, and etymology (word origins).
The steps of the vocab game are: to divide the class into groups, to discuss and select vocabulary words, to select a scorekeeper and recorder, to present the words, to define the words, to analyze the words, to check the definitions, to record points, to do group discussion, to record the word lists, and to evaluate the students.
The Patterned Language Approach 模式語言策略
The patterned language approach is to practice word identification skills with an emphasis on word meaning
It follows these steps: to select the reading material, to read the selected material, to make and match text strips, and to write word cards.
The Creative Mapping Strategy 圖式閱讀策略
The creative mapping strategy is to use pictorial images to help students recognize the organization of information in content readings and reorganize the main ideas and details of the text
guided reading 指導性閱讀
Guided reading refers to timed reading conducted in class under the control and guidance of the teacher
pre-reading activities 閱讀前活動
We mean tasks/activities that students do before they read the text in detail.
a transition device 轉換方式
A transition device is the way to transfer information from one form to another
referential words 指示詞
Referential words are words such as pronouns to refer to people or things already mentioned previously in the context
making inferences 推理
Making inferences means "reading between the lines" It requires the reader to use background knowledge in order to infer the implied meaning of the author.
Role-play 角色表演
Role-play is a very common language learning activity where students play different roles and interact from the point of view of the roles they play.
subvocalization 默念
Subvocalization means a more subtle type of saying the words, also called thinking each word without actually moving the lips or tongue.